Establishment of low-cost laboratory automation processes using AutoIt and 4-axis robots

1. Motion0.05 mmMotion accuracy: reported
2. Volume—Volumetric accuracy: not reported
3. Viability—Cell viability: not reported
4. Unattended—Unattended operation: not reported
5. Standard—Standard compliance: not reported

• Motion / positional accuracy0.05 mm

  It has higher repeatability than the Dobot Magician (0.05 mm versus 0.2 mm), but it costs almost twice as much (approx- imately 3K € versus 1.5K €) [31] .

Each score is shown against the range the other 59 builds actually occupy, because no criterion uses the full 1–5 scale. These describe how reproducible the build is, not how good the science is.

• Resolution

  3/1–5

  Smallest demonstrated dispense 20 uL in multi-dispense steps with 100 uL single pipetting; accuracy is supplied by the commercial BRAND electronic pipette, not the robot.

• Throughput

  3/2–5

  Single-channel pipette handling one fluid at a time with the tip rinsed rather than ejected; completes a 96-well plate and a 24-sample AAS autosampler run unattended.

• Parts sourcing

  2/2–4

  Requires specialized or custom-built components.

• Skill needed

  4/2–4

  Build/operation described as low-skill or basic assembly.

• Facilities needed

  3/2–4

  Equipment requirements not explicit; assigned moderate default.

• Documentation

  3/2–5

  Some open documentation or files are available.

• Validation effort

  4/2–4

  Multiple volumes and concentrations, three liquids and three processes statistically benchmarked against a trained technician (Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, Levene) with carryover controls; no drift study.

• Cycle time

  1/1–4

  Explicitly slower than manual by factors of 3.5 (pipetting), 3.0 (inoculation) and 1.6 (AAS), i.e. more than twice as slow overall.