3D bioprinting of collagen-based high-resolution internally perfusable scaffolds for engineering fully biologic tissue systems 2025 Bioprinting — CC-BY-4.0 deposit 3/ 2 Motion accuracy: reported (100 mm) Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported 3D Printing of Individualized Microfluidic Chips with DLP-Based Printer 2023 Microfluidics — — — 3/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: reported (64 % day 1 falling to 32 % day 4 on the bare chip; >85 % from day 2 with GelMA coating) Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported A 3D-Printed Plate Handler for Automated Handling of Well Plates on the Opentrons OT-2 2025 Liquid Handling GBP 81.34* MIT aging 4/ 2 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported A Custom Ultra-Low-Cost 3D Bioprinter Supports Cell Growth and Differentiation 2020 Bioprinting USD 230 — — 4/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported A robot-assisted acoustofluidic end effector 2022 Liquid Handling < USD 20* — — 3/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported A simple method of fabricating mask-free microfluidic devices for biological analysis 2010 Microfluidics — — — 3/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported Adapting a Low-Cost and Open-Source Commercial Pipetting Robot for Nanoliter Liquid Handling 2021 Liquid Handling < USD 6,000 — — 3/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: reported (4%) Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported An open source extrusion bioprinter based on the E3D motion system and tool changer to enable FRESH and multimaterial bioprinting 2021 Bioprinting — — — 3/ 3 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: reported (90%) Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported An Open-Source 3D Bioprinter Using Direct Light Processing for Tissue Engineering Applications 2025 Bioprinting EUR 2,045* — deposit 3/ 2 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported An open-source programmable smart pipette for portable cell separation and counting 2019 Liquid Handling — CC-BY-NC — 3/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported Analytical Measurements and Efficient Process Generation Using a Dual–Arm Robot Equipped with Electronic Pipettes 2018 Liquid Handling — — — 4/ 2 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported Automated Liquid Handler from a 3D Printer 2024 Liquid Handling USD 325 — — 3/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: reported (ISO 8655) BIO-SPEC: An open-source bench-top parallel bioreactor system 2025 Bioreactors & Cell Culture USD 3,000–7,000? GPL deposit 3/ 2 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported BioCloneBot: A versatile, low-cost, and open-source automated liquid handler 2024 Liquid Handling CAD 1,152 GPL stale 4/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported Commit: Digital Pipette 2026 Liquid Handling USD 300 — active 3/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: reported (0.2%) Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: reported (ISO 8655) Design and implementation of a low cost bio-printer modification, allowing for switching between plastic and gel extrusion 2021 Bioprinting USD 300* — — 3/ 3 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported Design and Implementation of an Accessible 3D Bioprinter: Benchmarking the Performance of a Home-Made Bioprinter against a Professional Bioprinter 2023 Bioprinting — — — 3/ 4 Motion accuracy: reported (1300 µm) Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: reported (87%) Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported Design and Validation of a Piston-Driven Syringe-Extrusion Bioprinter Using an FDM Frame 2024 Bioprinting — — — 4/ 2 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: reported (86.3%) Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported Design and Validation of an Open-Hardware Print-Head for Bioprinting Application 2015 Liquid Handling — GPL-2.0 stale 3/ 3 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: reported (10%) Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported Design of an Open-Source, Low-Cost Bioink and Food Melt Extrusion 3D Printer 2020 Bioprinting USD 240? — — 3/ 4 Motion accuracy: not assessed, full text not held Volumetric accuracy: not assessed, full text not held Cell viability: not assessed, full text not held Unattended operation: not assessed, full text not held Standard compliance: not assessed, full text not held Designing cost-effective open-source multihead 3D bioprinters 2022 Bioprinting — CC-BY-4.0 deposit 4/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: reported (85%) Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported Development of a high-performance open-source 3D bioprinter 2022 Bioprinting < USD 900 CC-BY-4.0 deposit 3/ 4 Motion accuracy: reported (8.7 µm) Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported Development of a microfluidic-assisted open-source 3D bioprinting system (MOS3S) for the engineering of hierarchical tissues 2024 Bioprinting EUR 677 GPL-3.0 deposit 3/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported Enhanced Growth of Bacterial Cells in a Smart 3D Printed Bioreactor 2023 Bioreactors & Cell Culture — — — 3/ 3 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported Establishment of low-cost laboratory automation processes using AutoIt and 4-axis robots 2022 Liquid Handling — — — 2/ 4 Motion accuracy: reported (0.05 mm) Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported EvoBot: An Open-Source, Modular, Liquid Handling Robot for Scientific Experiments 2020 Liquid Handling < USD 500 — deposit 3/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported Extrusion-Based Bioprinting in a Cost-Effective Bioprinter 2024 Bioprinting < USD 1,500 — — 2/ 4 Motion accuracy: reported (1 µm) Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported Fabrication and validation of an affordable DIY coaxial 3D extrusion bioprinter 2025 Liquid Handling < EUR 600 — — 4/ 2 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: reported (90%) Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported FINDUS: An Open-Source 3D Printable Liquid-Handling Workstation for Laboratory Automation in Life Sciences 2020 Liquid Handling < USD 400 GPL-3.0 aging 3/ 4 Motion accuracy: reported (2 µm) Volumetric accuracy: reported (1.4%) Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: reported (ISO8655) Homebrew photolithography for the rapid and low-cost,“Do It Yourself” prototyping of microfluidic devices 2023 Microfabrication < GBP 300 — — 4/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported Hydrogel Patterns in Microfluidic Devices by Do-It-Yourself UV-Photolithography Suitable for Very Large-Scale Integration 2020 Microfabrication — — — 2/ 2 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported Leveraging flexible pipette-based tool changes to transform liquid handling systems into dual-function sample preparation and imaging platforms 2025 Liquid Handling USD 110* CC-BY-4.0 deposit 3/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported Low-cost near-field electrospinning machine 2025 Electrospinning USD 1,200 CC-BY-SA deposit 4/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: reported (15 %) Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported Low-cost, versatile, and highly reproducible microfabrication pipeline to generate 3D-printed customised cell culture devices with complex designs 2024 Microfabrication — — stale 3/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported LusoBioMaker: A low-cost 3D bioprinter with multi-extrusion and contour printing capabilities for thermo- and photocurable hydrogels towards complex tissue fabrication 2025 Bioprinting EUR 736 — — 3/ 2 Motion accuracy: reported (<50 µm positional error) Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: reported (97 %) Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: reported (ISO 230) Mask-free laser lithography for rapid and low-cost microfluidic device fabrication 2018 Microfluidics — — — 3/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported MEWron 2023 Microfabrication USD 500* MIT aging 3/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported Microextrusion bioprinter 2023 Bioprinting USD 260 — — 4/ 4 Motion accuracy: reported (10 µm) Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported Microextrusion-based bioprinting printhead 2020 Bioprinting < USD 70 — deposit 4/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: reported (90%) Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported Modular microfluidic systems cast from 3D-printed molds for imaging leukocyte adherence to differentially treated endothelial cultures 2019 Microfluidics — — — 2/ 2 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported mSLAb–An open-source masked stereolithography (mSLA) bioprinter 2024 Bioprinting EUR 500 CC-BY-SA — 4/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported Nydus One Syringe Extruder (NOSE): A Prusa i3 3D printer conversion for bioprinting applications 2019 Liquid Handling EUR 90* GPL-3.0 deposit 3/ 3 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported Open-source cell culture automation system with integrated cell counting for passaging microplate cultures 2025 Liquid Handling — — active 3/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: reported (10%) Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: reported (walk-away) Standard compliance: not reported Open-source hybrid 3D-bioprinter for simultaneous printing of thermoplastics and hydrogels 2021 Bioprinting EUR 1,150 GPL deposit 4/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported Open-source, community-driven microfluidics with Metafluidics 2017 Microfluidics — — deposit 4/ 2 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported OpenLH 2019 Liquid Handling < USD 1,000 — deposit 4/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported OpenWorkstation: A modular open-source technology for automated in vitro workflows 2020 Liquid Handling USD 900* CC-BY-SA-4.0 stale 4/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported OTTO 2020 Liquid Handling USD 1,500 — deposit 4/ 4 Motion accuracy: reported (320 µm) Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: reported (unattended) Standard compliance: not reported Personal Pipetting Robot 2022 Liquid Handling USD 600–800 MIT aging 4/ 4 Motion accuracy: reported (0.1 mm) Volumetric accuracy: reported (1µl) Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported Printess 2025 Custom Printer USD 250 — aging 4/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported PyLabRobot: An open-source, hardware-agnostic interface for liquid-handling robots and accessories 2023 Liquid Handling — MIT active 3/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported Real-time AI-driven quality control for laboratory automation: a novel computer vision solution for the opentrons OT-2 liquid handling robot 2025 Liquid Handling — — — 3/ 2 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported Replistruder 4 2021 Liquid Handling USD 141* CC-BY-4.0 deposit 3/ 4 Motion accuracy: reported (300 µm) Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported Sidekick 2022 Liquid Handling USD 710 — stale 4/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: reported (ANSI SLAS) Srishti: a custom-built laser-assisted 3D bioprinter for fabricating high-resolution biological constructs 2026 Bioprinting — — — 3/ 2 Motion accuracy: reported (70 mm) Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: reported (90%) Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: reported (ASTM 52900) STARTER 2026 Organ-on-chip — CC-BY-4.0 active 3/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: reported (ANSI/SLAS) Teach your microscope how to print: low-cost and rapid-iteration microfabrication for biology 2025 Microscopy & Imaging — BSD-3-Clause active 4/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported Technical upgrade of an open-source liquid handler to support bacterial colony screening 2023 Liquid Handling — — deposit 3/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported The ‘bIUreactor’: an open-source 3D tissue research platform 2024 Bioreactors & Cell Culture USD 8,000 — — 4/ 4 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: reported (comparable to control (no figure)) Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: reported (ISO 13485) The Enderstruder: An accessible open-source syringe extruder compatible with Ender series 3D printers 2024 Liquid Handling — CC-BY-SA 4.0 deposit 4/ 2 Motion accuracy: not reported Volumetric accuracy: not reported Cell viability: not reported Unattended operation: not reported Standard compliance: not reported